Painted shells

In nature shells provide varying forms of protection, from snails that use them to shelter their soft bodies from predation and drying out, to bird’s eggs that defend the growing embryo. This week I picked up a discarded egg shell of a Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos), characteristically a stunning summer sky-blue with sparing dark speckles. A couple of weeks ago I was dazzled by brightly coloured Painted Topshells (Calliostoma zizyphinum) dotted about on low tide rocks near Torquay. This led me to wonder at the biological function of some species having such visually distinctive shells that might make them more prone to predation.

Considering the Song Thrush there is some consistency with other birds that make their nests in darkened habitats and pale blue eggs. The Song Thrush chooses either a thick hedgerow, hollow in a creeper, or rarely if on the ground in a shady well-hidden site. It was believed that the distinctive colour may help the adults locate them more easily (Harrison, 1975). Many alternative theories of why thrushes lay blue eggs was summarised by Gotmark (1991): they may be cryptic and provide camouflage by imitating spots of light on green leaves; egg parasites such as cuckoos might have exerted selection pressures historically; the pigmentation of eggs enhances the strength of the egg shell and therefore its resistance to cracking; egg coloration influences egg temperature helping with its regulation. More recent research has tried to test whether the blue-green egg colouration of many bird species provides a health indicator of the female to allow males to modulate their parental investment. However it would appear that researchers are still really none the wiser and so we can only assume that the cost of producing blue pigment is outweighed by some unclear benefit that may no longer be relevant, or that it is simply maladaptive.

The Painted Topshell is the most colourful example of these intertidal molluscs in the UK. The colour varies from yellow or brown to pink or purple and is overlaid with irregular dark purple or red markings. The purplish blotches spiralling around the almost perfect conical shell give the illusion of a spinning top. There is also a white ‘morph’ form which is considered by some to be a separate species. This Topshell is also notable for its frequent shell-wiping behaviour, which would appear to both prevent surface fouling and top up its food intake by as much as a fifth (Holmes, 2001). Despite this interesting colour variation I can find no explanation to its cause. So whilst scientists continue to hypothesise I humbly suggest that we simply sit back and admire nature showing off its surprising beauty.

Gotmark, F. (1991) Blue eggs do not reduce nest predation in the song thrush, Turdus philomelos. Behav Ecol Sociobiol,  30:245-252

Harrison, C (1975) A Field Guide to the Nests, eggs and Nestlings of British & European Birds. London: Collins.

Holmes, S.P., Sturgess, C.J. Cherrill, A. Davies, M.S (2001) Shell wiping in Calliostoma zizyphinum: the use of pedal mucus as a provendering agent and its contribution to daily energetic requirements. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 212:171-181

Spring lunacy

At the beginning of September I attended a course in Pembrokeshire on rocky shore invertebrates. The course was carefully timed to coincide with the largest ‘spring’ tide of the year so that we could explore the furthest point of the lower shore. The term ‘spring tide’ has actually no connection with the season but is derived from the Saxon ‘springan’, “to bulge” or “to rise”. The dictionary definition is “the rising of the sea (to an exceptional height) at particular times” (Onions, 1952). These “exceptional” tides are caused by the combined gravitational effect of the sun & moon every two weeks at a new and full moon. The largest ‘spring’ tide occurs near the equinox during September when the sun and moon are most closely aligned and so referred to as an “equinoctial spring tide” (Oakley 2010). A similar tide occurs around the March equinox.

(Photo of Painted Topshell above - Image credit: Asbjørn Hansen via http://www.flickr.com/)

This is therefore a very special time for the seashore naturalist, when animals and plants are so rarely exposed for observation. On my visits to rocky shores near Dale Fort, large kelp forests were exposed dotted with Blue-rayed Limpets (Patella pellucidum); small flattened versions of the Common Limpet (Patella vulgata) found high up the shore and characterised by brilliant iridescent kingfisher blue lines across their dorsal surface. Painted Topshells (Caliostoma zizphinum), the most colourful of this group of sea snails looking like vibrant spinning tops were found amongst amid rocks encrusted with brightly coloured star ascidian colonies, looking as alien as their name suggests . Crabs were also revealed, more typical of sub-littoral habitats (below shore level), such as the pie-crust edged Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus) and dirty looking Broad-clawed porcelain crabs (Porcellana platycheles). Most exciting was a Decorator crab (Macropodia sp) covered in little seaweed tufts in an attempt to camouflage itself, and a small skeleton like sea-spider scuttling along the tide line at its lowest point.

(Photo of Edible crab above - Image credit: Christophe Quintin via http://www.flickr.com/)

It was a fantastic opportunity to capture a rare glimpse of such wildlife, but all too soon the tide turned and they became submerged again beneath the advancing waves, some not to be exposed again for perhaps many months.

Why not book your place soon for the next equinoctial spring tide at a rocky shore near you!

Oakley, J. (2010) Seashore Safaris. Cardiff: Graffeg Books
Onions, C.T (Ed) (1952) The shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.